Valores de referencia del Senior Fitness Test en mujeres adultas mayores físicamente activas / Reference values of the Senior Fitness Test for physically active elderly women

Introducción: El proceso de envejecimiento en los adultos mayores puede conducir a la disminución de la condición física funcional. Por ello resulta importante su valoración para poder establecer programas de ejercicio físico que mejoren las capacidades físicas, así como la funcionalidad y calidad de vida en esta población. Objetivo: Establecer los valores de referencia de la condición física funcional en las mujeres físicamente activas pertenecientes a Centros Vida de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 113 mujeres mayores entre 60-85 años. Se evalúo la condición física funcional con el Senior Fitness Test y medidas antropométricas de talla y peso. Los valores de referencia están en percentiles y distribuidos por rangos de edad. Resultados: Según los valores de referencia del Senior Fitness Test, las mujeres de nuestro estudio se encuentran por encima en los valores de fuerza de miembros inferiores y superiores. En la prueba de resistencia cardiovascular y flexibilidad en miembros inferiores y superiores se encuentran por debajo. En los valores de la prueba de agilidad el tiempo de ejecución es mayor. Conclusiones: Se observa una disminución en las capacidades físicas funcionales conforme avanza la edad, sin embargo, la capacidad física que menos disminuye es la fuerza(AU)

Introduction: The aging process may lead to a reduction of functional physical condition in the elderly. Its analysis is therefore necessary to implement physical exercise programs aimed at improving physical capacities, functionality and quality of life in this population. Objective: Establish the reference values for functional physical condition in physically active women from Life Centers in the city of Bucaramanga. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of 113 elderly women aged 60-85 years. Functional physical condition was evaluated with the Senior Fitness Test and anthropometric measurements of height and weight. Reference values are expressed in percentiles and distributed by age ranges. Results: The women in our study are above the reference values of the Senior Fitness Test in upper and lower limb force. Upper and lower limb cardiovascular resistance and flexibility are below SFT reference values. Values for the agility test show a longer performance time. Conclusions: A reduction is observed in functional physical capacities as people grow older. However, force is the physical capacity that diminishes the least(AU)

Niveles de actividad física e indicadores antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular en adultas mayores / Levels of physical activity and anthropometric indicators of cardiovascular risk in aged women

Introducción: A nivel mundial, la cifra de adultos mayores para el año 2030 será alrededor de 16,5 por ciento, llegando a ser alrededor de 21,5 por ciento para el año 2050. Actualmente en Colombia, la cifra de adultos mayores se encuentra en un 11 por ciento de la población total. La actividad física es una estrategia para mejorar la condición física funcional, calidad de vida, autonomía e independencia en adultos mayores. De igual manera, en esta población se incrementa el riesgo cardiovascular siendo mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de actividad física y valorar por medidas antropométricas el riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres mayores pertenecientes a Centros Vida de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 128 mujeres adultas mayores entre las edades de 60-85 años. Para determinar el nivel de actividad física se aplicó el Cuestionario Mundial de Actividad Física (GPAQ). Se valoró el riesgo cardiovascular por medio de mediciones antropométricas de talla, peso, IMC, porcentaje de grasa, perímetro de cintura, perímetro de cadera e índice de cintura/cadera. Resultados: El 89,84 por ciento de la población realiza actividad física de desplazamiento y el 48,43 por ciento realiza actividad física en tiempo libre. En indicadores antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular, se obtuvo un IMC de 28,05 (25,08-31,65) kg/m2, un 43,60 (40,20-46,55) de porcentaje de grasa y un índice de cintura/cadera de 0,89 (0,85-0,91). Conclusiones: Las mujeres adultas mayores presentan riesgo cardiovascular a pesar de realizar actividad física a intensidad moderada(AU)

Introduction: Worldwide, the number of aged adults by 2030 will be around 16.5 percent, becoming around 21.5 percent by 2050. Currently, in Colombia, the number of aged adults is at 11 percent of the total population. Physical activity is a strategy to improve functional physical condition, quality of life, autonomy and independence in aged adults. Similarly, in this population cardiovascular risk increases, being higher in women than in men. Objective: To determine the level of physical activity and assess cardiovascular risk by anthropometric measures in aged women from Centros Vida in Bucaramanga city. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 128 aged women, aging between 60-85 years. To determine the level of physical activity, the World Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was applied. Cardiovascular risk was assessed through anthropometric measurements of height, weight, BMI, percentage of fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist / hip ratio. Results: 89.84 percent of the population performs commuting physical activity and 48.43 percent performs free-time physical activity. In anthropometric indicators of cardiovascular risk, BMI of 28.05 (25.08-31.65) kg / m2, a 43.60 (40.20-46.55) percentage of fat and a waist index / hip of 0.89 (0.85-0.91). Conclusions: Aged women show cardiovascular risk despite being physical activity at moderate intensity(AU)

El efecto agudo sobre niveles de glucemia en adultos mayores con el Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad / Acute effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on glycemia levels in elderly people

Introducción: El Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad durante los últimos años ha sido postulado como tratamiento no farmacológico para enfermedades como la diabetes tipo II en diferentes poblaciones, sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que se han realizado en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto agudo de una sesión de Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad sobre los niveles de glucosa en adultos mayores físicamente activos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 19 adultos mayores (60-85 años). El grupo fue sometido a una sesión de Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad, en la que se combinaron ejercicios de fuerza con resistencia cardiovascular, y se realizaron 12 ejercicios con duración de 30 segundos de trabajo por 10 de descanso. La intensidad de la sesión fue controlada a través de la Escala de Percepción del Esfuerzo OMNI-GSE. Se midió la talla (cm), el peso (kg) e índice de masa corporal. Los niveles de glucosa en sangre fueron determinados antes y después de la sesión. Resultados: Se obtuvo una disminución significativa en los niveles de glucosa en sangre posterior a la realización de la sesión de Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad (pre: 140,5 mg/dL y post: 116,1 mg/dL; p < 0,01) Conclusiones: El Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad reduce en una sola sesión los niveles de glucosa en sangre en adultos mayores(AU)

Introduction: in recent years, High-Intensity Interval Training has been recognized as a non-pharmacological treatment for diseases like type II diabetes in a variety of populations. However, few studies about this topic have been conducted with elderly people. Objective: determine the acute effect of a High-Intensity Interval Training session on glucose levels in physically active elderly people. Methods: an experimental study was conducted. The sample was 19 elderly people aged 60-85 years. The group participated in a High-Intensity Interval Training session in which strength and cardiovascular resistance exercises were combined. The 12 exercises performed had a duration of 30 seconds' work and 10 seconds' rest. The intensity of the session was controlled with the OMNI-GSE Effort Perception Scale. Measurements were taken of the height (cm), weight (kg) and body mass index of participants. Blood glucose levels were gauged before and after the session. Results: a significant reduction in blood glucose levels was obtained after the conduct of the High-Intensity Interval Training session (pre: 140.5 mg/dl and post: 116.1 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Conclusions: in only one session, High-Intensity Interval Training reduces blood glucose levels in elderly people(AU)

Efecto de la suplementación con soja sobre la inflamación y ácido láctico inducido por ejercicio físico exhaustivo en ratas / Effect of supplementation with soy on inflammation and lactic acid induced by exhaustive physical exercise in rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: El ejercicio físico exhaustivo genera marcadores inflamatorios y de ácido láctico. La suplementación con sustancias naturales es motivo de análisis debido a sus escasos efectos secundarios. OBJETIVO: Determinar la respuesta inflamatoria y el nivel de ácido láctico inducidos por ejercicio físico exhaustivo después de la ingesta de soja en modelo animal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se emplearon treinta ratas macho de raza Sprawley dawley de 180 a 200 g, sanos divididos en tres grupos: sedentario (C), con ingesta de soja a prueba (E+TP) y sin ingesta de soja a prueba (E). Los grupos E+TP y E, realizaron la prueba Morris Water Maze Test. Se determinaron marcadores inflamatorios como factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a), interleuquina 1 beta (IL-1Beta), interleuquina 6 (IL-6) en plasma mediante técnica ELISA, enzima ciclooxigenasa 2 (COX-2), óxido nítrico sintaza (iNOS) y como marcador antiinflamatorio Receptor gamma activado por proliferador de peroxisoma (PPAR-γ), el cual, se midió en músculos cuádriceps mediante técnica de Western-blot y se midió el ácido láctico en sangre. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una disminución significativa en plasma de los niveles inflamatorios de TNF-alfa (600 vs 350 pg/ml), IL-1Beta (450 vs 150 pg/ml), e IL-6 (480 vs 100 pg/ml), COX-2 (52 vs 25 RDU) e iNOS (58 vs 8 RDU) en el grupo E+TP en comparación con el grupo E. Además se observó un aumento de la expresión de la proteína PPAR-γ (18 vs 65 RDU) en el grupo E+TP en comparación con el grupo E. Respecto a las mediciones de ácido láctico los grupos obtuvieron valores máximos de: E:35, C:22 y E+TP:28 Mmol/Lactato, lo cual, indica que el grupo E y E+TP a pesar que se sometieron a la misma prueba, los niveles de ácido láctico son heterogéneos. CONCLUSIÓN: La ingesta de soja mitiga los niveles de ácido láctico y de marcadores inflamatorios inducidos por el ejercicio fisico exhautivo en modelo animal

INTRODUCTION: Exhautive physical exercise generates inflammatory and lactic acid markers. The supplementation with natural substances is reason for analysis due to its limited side effects. OBJECTIVE: To determine the inflammatory response and the level of lactic acid induced by exhaustive physical exercise after the ingestion of soybean in animal model. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Thirty male Sprawley dawley rats from 180 to 200 g were used, healthy divided into three groups: sedentary (C), with soybean intake tested (E+TP) and without soybean intake tested (E). The E + TP and E groups performed the Morris Water Maze Test. Inflammatory markers were determined as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) in plasma by ELISA technique, enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and as anti-inflammatory marker Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), which was measured in quadriceps muscles by Western-blot technique and measured lactic acid in blood. RESULTS: A significant decrease in plasma was obtained in the inflammatory levels of TNF-alpha (600 vs 350 pg/ml), IL-1Beta (450 vs 150 pg/ml), and IL-6 (480 vs 100 pg/ml), COX-2 (52 vs. 25 RDU) and iNOS (58 vs. 8 RDU) in the E+TP group compared to the E group. In addition an increase in the expression of the PPAR-γ protein was observed (18 vs 65 RDU) in the group E+TP compared to group E. Regarding the measurements of lactic acid, the groups obtained maximum values of: E: 35, C: 22 and E+TP: 28 Mmol/Lactate, which indicates that Group E and E+TP although they underwent the same test, lactic acid levels are heterogeneous. CONCLUSION: The intake of soy mitigates the levels of lactic acid and inflammatory markers induced by exhautive physical exercise in animal models

Respuesta de la glucemia frente a dos intensidades de ejercicio físico realizado en ayunas en mujeres jóvenes / Blood glucose response to two intensities of physical exercise in young women during fasting

Introducción: La práctica de Ejercicio Físico (EF) en estado de ayuno ha sido controvertida; no obstante, algunas investigaciones evidencian mayor pérdida de grasa corporal y mejor control glucémico en quienes participan de entrenamiento aeróbico en estado de ayuno. Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta de la glucemia después de una sesión de ejercicio físico de intensidad moderada o vigorosa realizado en ayunas en mujeres jóvenes. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado. Veinticuatro mujeres (19 a 22 años) fueron asignadas de manera aleatoria a dos grupos de intervención. El primero fue sometido a una intensidad de ejercicio del 70% de la Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima (FCM) durante 30 minutos y el segundo a una intensidad del 90% de la FCM durante 15 minutos. Se evaluaron la talla (cm), peso (Kg), índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa y consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) mediante una prueba de esfuerzo. Los niveles de glucemia fueron determinados antes y después de la sesión de ejercicio de cada grupo. Resultados: No se encontraron cambios significativos en los niveles de glucosa en sangre post ejercicio en ningún grupo experimental, y las diferencias existentes no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: El ejercicio físico moderado o vigoroso en estado de ayuno no mostró variaciones significativas en la glucemia posterior a su ejecución, lo que sugiere seguridad en el desarrollo del entrenamiento en ayuno en mujeres jóvenes saludables

Introduction: Physical exercise in the fasting state has been a controversial topic; however, some studies have shown a greater loss of body fat and better glycemic control in those who participate in aerobic training when fasting. Aim: To evaluate the glycemic response after a session of moderate or vigorous physical exercise in young women in the state of fasting. Material and method: A randomized clinical trial was carried out. Twenty-six women (19 to 22 years old) were randomly assigned to two intervention groups. The first group was trained at an intensity of 70% of maximum heart rate (MHR) for 30 minutes, and the second group at an intensity of 90% MHR for 15 minutes. Height (cm), weight (Kg), body mass index (BMI), fat percentage, and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) during a stress test were evaluated. Blood glucose levels were checked before and after the exercise session of each group. Results: No significant changes were found in post-exercise blood glucose levels in any experimental group, and the existing differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Moderate or vigorous physical exercise during fasting did not show significant variations in blood glucose, which suggests that it is safe for healthy young women to train when fasting

Effects of Ranolazine on Astrocytes and Neurons in Primary Culture.

Ranolazine (Rn) is an antianginal agent used for the treatment of chronic angina pectoris when angina is not adequately controlled by other drugs. Rn also acts in the central nervous system and it has been proposed for the treatment of pain and epileptic disorders. Under the hypothesis that ranolazine could act as a neuroprotective drug, we studied its effects on astrocytes and neurons in primary culture. We incubated rat astrocytes and neurons in primary cultures for 24 hours with Rn (10-7, 10-6 and 10-5 M). Cell viability and proliferation were measured using trypan blue exclusion assay, MTT conversion assay and LDH release assay. Apoptosis was determined by Caspase 3 activity assay. The effects of Rn on pro-inflammatory mediators IL-ß and TNF-α was determined by ELISA technique, and protein expression levels of Smac/Diablo, PPAR-γ, Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD by western blot technique. In cultured astrocytes, Rn significantly increased cell viability and proliferation at any concentration tested, and decreased LDH leakage, Smac/Diablo expression and Caspase 3 activity indicating less cell death. Rn also increased anti-inflammatory PPAR-γ protein expression and reduced pro-inflammatory proteins IL-1 ß and TNFα levels. Furthermore, antioxidant proteins Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD significantly increased after Rn addition in cultured astrocytes. Conversely, Rn did not exert any effect on cultured neurons. In conclusion, Rn could act as a neuroprotective drug in the central nervous system by promoting astrocyte viability, preventing necrosis and apoptosis, inhibiting inflammatory phenomena and inducing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

WIN 55,212-2, agonist of cannabinoid receptors, prevents amyloid ß1-42 effects on astrocytes in primary culture.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative illness involving synaptic dysfunction with extracellular accumulation of Aß1-42 toxic peptide, glial activation, inflammatory response and oxidative stress, can lead to neuronal death. Endogenous cannabinoid system is implicated in physiological and physiopathological events in central nervous system (CNS), and changes in this system are related to many human diseases, including AD. However, studies on the effects of cannabinoids on astrocytes functions are scarce. In primary cultured astrocytes we studied cellular viability using MTT assay. Inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators were determined by ELISA and Western-blot techniques both in the presence and absence of Aß1-42 peptide. Effects of WIN 55,212-2 (a synthetic cannabinoid) on cell viability, inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress were also determined. Aß1-42 diminished astrocytes viability, increased TNF-α and IL-1ß levels and p-65, COX-2 and iNOS protein expression while decreased PPAR-γ and antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn SOD. WIN 55,212-2 pretreatment prevents all effects elicited by Aß1-42. Furthermore, cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 also increased cell viability and PPAR-γ expression in control astrocytes. In conclusion cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 increases cell viability and anti-inflammatory response in cultured astrocytes. Moreover, WIN 55,212-2 increases expression of anti-oxidant Cu/Zn SOD and is able to prevent inflammation induced by Aß1-42 in cultured astrocytes. Further studies would be needed to assess the possible beneficial effects of cannabinoids in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Astrocytes protect neurons from Aß1-42 peptide-induced neurotoxicity increasing TFAM and PGC-1 and decreasing PPAR-γ and SIRT-1.

One of the earliest neuropathological events in Alzheimer's disease is accumulation of astrocytes at sites of Aß1-42 depositions. Our results indicate that Aß1-42 toxic peptide increases lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and cell death in neurons but not in astrocytes in primary culture. Aß1-42-induced deleterious neuronal effects are not present when neurons and astrocytes are mixed cultured. Stimulation of astrocytes with toxic Aß1-42 peptide increased p-65 and decreased IκB resulting in inflammatory process. In astrocytes Aß1-42 decreases protein expressions of sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and over-expresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), protecting mitochondria against Aß1-42-induced damage and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. In summary our data suggest that astrocytes may have a key role in protecting neurons, increasing neural viability and mitochondrial biogenesis, acquiring better oxidative stress protection and perhaps modulating inflammatory processes against Aß1-42 toxic peptide. This might be a sign of a complex epigenetic process in Alzheimer's disease development.

Sugammadex, a neuromuscular blockade reversal agent, causes neuronal apoptosis in primary cultures.

Sugammadex, a γ-cyclodextrin that encapsulates selectively steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents, such as rocuronium or vecuronium, has changed the face of clinical neuromuscular pharmacology. Sugammadex allows a rapid reversal of muscle paralysis. Sugammadex appears to be safe and well tolerated. Its blood-brain barrier penetration is poor (< 3% in rats), and thus no relevant central nervous toxicity is expected. However the blood brain barrier permeability can be altered under different conditions (i.e. neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, ischemia, infections, or immature nervous system). Using MTT, confocal microscopy, caspase-3 activity, cholesterol quantification and Western-blot we determine toxicity of Sugammadex in neurons in primary culture. Here we show that clinically relevant sugammadex concentrations cause apoptotic/necrosis neuron death in primary cultures. Studies on the underlying mechanism revealed that sugammadex-induced activation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis associates with depletion of neuronal cholesterol levels. Furthermore SUG increase CytC, AIF, Smac/Diablo and CASP-3 protein expression in cells in culture. Potential association of SUG-induced alteration in cholesterol homeostasis with oxidative stress and apoptosis activation occurs. Furthermore, resistance/sensitivity to oxidative stress differs between neuronal cell types.